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Peanutspotter

Peanutspotter

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(Disney) is a multinational entertainment company based in the United States, mainly engaged in film and television production, theme parks, consumer products, and media networks. Disney stocks are listed on the New York Stock Exchange with the stock symbol DIS. If you want to learn more about Disney's stock information, it is recommended that you consult relevant information on the stock exchange or consult a professional investment advisor. Please note that stock market investment is risky, and past performance does not guarantee future results.","listText":"Disney (Disney) is a multinational entertainment company based in the United States, mainly engaged in film and television production, theme parks, consumer products, and media networks. Disney stocks are listed on the New York Stock Exchange with the stock symbol DIS. If you want to learn more about Disney's stock information, it is recommended that you consult relevant information on the stock exchange or consult a professional investment advisor. Please note that stock market investment is risky, and past performance does not guarantee future results.","text":"Disney (Disney) is a multinational entertainment company based in the United States, mainly engaged in film and television production, theme parks, consumer products, and media networks. Disney stocks are listed on the New York Stock Exchange with the stock symbol DIS. If you want to learn more about Disney's stock information, it is recommended that you consult relevant information on the stock exchange or consult a professional investment advisor. Please note that stock market investment is risky, and past performance does not guarantee future results.","images":[],"top":1,"highlighted":2,"essential":1,"paper":1,"likeSize":58,"commentSize":52,"repostSize":2,"link":"https://ttm.financial/post/9946213064","isVote":1,"tweetType":1,"viewCount":2882,"authorTweetTopStatus":1,"verified":2,"comments":[{"author":{"id":"3581927793488898","authorId":"3581927793488898","name":"amazinggrace","avatar":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/101230c6fb2ec15140a58f9488ad7396","crmLevel":6,"crmLevelSwitch":0,"idStr":"3581927793488898","authorIdStr":"3581927793488898"},"content":"Thanks for sharing","text":"Thanks for sharing","html":"Thanks for sharing"}],"imageCount":0,"langContent":"EN","totalScore":0},{"id":196946088747032,"gmtCreate":1689118264878,"gmtModify":1689126155667,"author":{"id":"4141882486176002","authorId":"4141882486176002","name":"Peanutspotter","avatar":"https://community-static.tradeup.com/news/c93a531eef3636875b39a2eba3aa5eb8","crmLevel":9,"crmLevelSwitch":1,"followedFlag":false,"idStr":"4141882486176002","authorIdStr":"4141882486176002"},"themes":[],"htmlText":"There are a few factors to consider regarding the June CPI data and outlook: First, the June CPI of 3.6% was indeed lower than expectations and the previous month's 4% figure. This was driven by some softening in prices for used cars, airfares, and apparel. Secondly, however, core inflation, which excludes volatile food and energy prices, remained high at 3.7% in June, signaling that underlying price pressures are still present. Thirdly, Inflation pressures are likely to remain elevated in the near term due to supply chain issues, high commodity prices, and strong demand as the economic reopening continues. This could keep headline CPI figures above 3% for some time. Then the Federal Reserve is watching inflation very closely and may consider another 25 basis point interest rate hike at","listText":"There are a few factors to consider regarding the June CPI data and outlook: First, the June CPI of 3.6% was indeed lower than expectations and the previous month's 4% figure. This was driven by some softening in prices for used cars, airfares, and apparel. Secondly, however, core inflation, which excludes volatile food and energy prices, remained high at 3.7% in June, signaling that underlying price pressures are still present. Thirdly, Inflation pressures are likely to remain elevated in the near term due to supply chain issues, high commodity prices, and strong demand as the economic reopening continues. This could keep headline CPI figures above 3% for some time. Then the Federal Reserve is watching inflation very closely and may consider another 25 basis point interest rate hike at","text":"There are a few factors to consider regarding the June CPI data and outlook: First, the June CPI of 3.6% was indeed lower than expectations and the previous month's 4% figure. This was driven by some softening in prices for used cars, airfares, and apparel. Secondly, however, core inflation, which excludes volatile food and energy prices, remained high at 3.7% in June, signaling that underlying price pressures are still present. Thirdly, Inflation pressures are likely to remain elevated in the near term due to supply chain issues, high commodity prices, and strong demand as the economic reopening continues. This could keep headline CPI figures above 3% for some time. 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13:05","market":"us","language":"zh","title":"瑞信危机引发恐慌，看看巴菲特怎么回溯和思考08年金融危机的那些细节","url":"https://stock-news.laohu8.com/highlight/detail?id=1106466264","media":"IN咖","summary":"雷曼兄弟倒闭的十年之后，2018年9月12日CNBC首播了原创纪录片《华尔街危机：震撼世界的一周》（Crisis On Wall Street: The Week That Shook The Wor","content":"<html><head></head><body><p>雷曼兄弟倒闭的十年之后，2018年9月12日CNBC首播了原创纪录片《华尔街危机：震撼世界的一周》（Crisis On Wall Street: The Week That Shook The World）。</p><p>在这部纪录片中，CNBC主播、畅销书《大而不倒》（Too Big to Fail）的作者安德鲁·罗斯·索尔金（Andrew Ross Sorkin）采访了多为彼时深陷漩涡中心的人物，试图向公众展现2008年的美国和世界是如何接近全面经济崩溃、且导致了几代人来最严重的金融危机。</p><p>纪录片是系列扣人心弦的采访讲述。受访的美国政府最高层官员以及美国各大银行CEO们，他们曾聚集在一起，试图拯救雷曼兄弟免于破产。</p><p>来自华尔街的CEO杰米·戴蒙（Jamie Dimon）、约翰·塞恩（John Thain）和其他人描述了戏剧性的全天候谈判。前美国财政部长汉克·保尔森（Hank Paulson）讲述了他意识到雷曼破产可能会拖垮全球金融体系的绝望时刻。</p><p>如此规模的金融危机会再次发生吗？索尔金一次又一次地向因这部纪录片再度聚首的人提出这个问题。他们回忆着十年前曾面临的噩梦，曾与世界范围的金融命运呼吸与共。</p><p>本文的主角是沃伦·巴菲特。</p><p>2008年银行开始破产时，高管们向巴菲特求助，希望他在紧要关头提供资金支持。后来，他将这一事件称为“美国经济的珍珠港事件”。</p><p>巴菲特在访谈中，对于危机过程中的一些细节，对于监管、机构、市场环环相扣的影响，以及<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/BRK.A\">伯克希尔</a>自身的考量，都有谈到，其中关于人性的拿捏，也很有意思。</p><p>他说，“<b>当人们害怕的时候，恐慌就发生了。信心是一步一步建立的，但恐惧是即时的。</b>”</p><p>“危机总会在某个时刻到来，<b>但我并不担心危机，因为我妥善地管好自己的行为。</b>”</p><p>这场纪录片，是在危机发生十年之后2018年推出。这样一个恰恰好的时间距离，让巴菲特的回溯与思考，更富有当下的意义。</p><p>尤其在<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/SIVB\">硅谷银行</a>倒闭事件引发连锁反应，从美国蔓延至<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/600558\">大西洋</a>对岸的<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/CS\">瑞士信贷</a>，让投资者对欧美银行体系稳定性的担忧蔓延。</p><p>这时候，回头去看巴菲特对于 2008 年危机事件过程中，思考的方式，对于决策信息赋予的权重，以及所持有的一贯投资原则，对我们都会很有启发。</p><p>Eason的这篇翻译，很有悦读感，希望大家开卷有益。</p><p><b>“这是史上参与规模最大的金融行为，但事实证明所有参与者的行为都很糟糕。”</b></p><p><b>索尔金：</b>回到2008年，从大局来看，你认为是什么导致了2008年的危机。</p><p><b>巴菲特：</b>众多的支流汇聚形成了密苏里河。（但我认为最重要的因素在于）人们认为房产会只涨不跌，而住宅市场规模达到了2万亿美元。这是一个非常巨大的资产类别。</p><p>人们（通过资产证券化）将其当做货币使用，但随后人们发现它并非一路上涨。</p><p>他们通过房产举债，在这条绳子的从头到尾都对这次事件造成了影响。</p><p>绳子顶端的人忙着签发一些明知道自己无需持有的地产抵押贷款，他们签发之后可以立刻打包卖给远在挪威的投资者。</p><p>有些人通过这些贷款进行再融资，房贷人的月供是否太高、是否虚报了自己的收入似乎对他们没有任何影响。</p><p>为他们提供再融资的人也参与其中。</p><p>本质上，（参与其中人）对房地产有一个巨大的投机行为。7500万美国购房家庭中有5000万个家庭参与了房贷业务，只有2500万避免受到了冲击。5000万贷款家庭通过杠杆获得房屋，很多人赖以生存，而他们的资产价格出现崩溃。</p><p>这是史上参与规模最大的金融行为，但事实证明所有参与者的行为都很糟糕。</p><p>他们相信了（房产价格只涨不跌），当人们相信了某些荒唐的事情时，这样的事情就会发生。</p><p><b>索尔金：</b>2008年早期，一些持有次级贷款的对冲基金倒下了，你当时感到担忧吗？你还记得你当时的心情吗？</p><p><b>巴菲特：</b>我没有担忧。因为我始终假设（如果）一生都参与到美国经济当中的话，它的价值会随着时间大幅上涨，但同时会伴随着一些磕磕绊绊。</p><p>我们的经济体系决定了我们会发生一些周期性的疯狂，所以我从不尝试预测市场，我也不会去预测生意（未来的走向），我只是试着去适应所发生的一切。</p><p>2008年的夏天，我确实接到了某家华尔街头部公司的电话，试图卖给我们几百亿美元（many，many，many billions）的房地美股票。我知道可能出了大问题。</p><p><b>“我在首页写下了我发现问题的页码，我知道了我们不会对其（雷曼）进行投资。”</b></p><p><b>索尔金：</b>我不知道你是否还记得，在贝尔斯登倒下后、房地美和房利美出事前，你接到了迪克·福尔德（Richard Dick Fuld，雷曼兄弟董事长兼CEO）的电话，他告诉你，他的股票被卖空者狙击了。</p><p><b>巴菲特：</b>是的，任何人对我这么说，我都高度怀疑。我喜欢卖空伯克希尔的人，卖空者怎么会伤害到你？</p><p><b>索尔金：</b>福尔德说你有一个30-50亿的投资机会，你当时感兴趣了吗？</p><p><b>巴菲特：</b>我有兴趣听完他的讲话。</p><p><b>索尔金：</b>你如何回复他的？</p><p><b>巴菲特：</b>我告诉他，把你的想法告诉我，首先告诉我你的报价，然后我会知道我是否有兴趣对此做一些调查。</p><p>接着，他抛出了一些试探性的想法。事实上，我还记得他问我能不能让汉克·保尔森（Henry“Hank”Merritt Paulson，时任美国财政部长）就此问题给我打电话。</p><p>周五早上67点，汉克就给我打了电话，他提出了一些完全不合格的背书，他可能希望我会为雷曼提供融资，但他的推销用力过度了。我想他也意识到这样不对。</p><p>无论如何，那天下午我翻开了雷曼的10K报告，它有250-300页长。我在首页写下了我发现问题的页码，我知道了我们不会对其进行投资。</p><p>我的办公室现在仍保存了这份笔记。</p><p><b>索尔金：</b>你看到了什么？</p><p><b>巴菲特：</b>我只是看到了很多让我担心他们财务状况的东西，以及当时已经在华尔街发生、可能也发生在他们身上的情景。</p><p><b>“我们可能是最好的10亿美元级别的快速买家。”</b></p><p><b>索尔金：</b>现在我们来到了2008年9月12日的“那个周末”。你现在接到的不是来自雷曼兄弟的电话而是来自AIG的电话，询问你是否愿意对其投资100亿美元。</p><p><b>巴菲特：</b>我告诉他们，不要指望我们，我知道时间对你们来说非常宝贵，所以不要把时间浪费在我们身上。所以，那个时间点上，我拒绝了。</p><p>不久之后，他们重新回到了我们的视野。我当时说，我无法解决这个问题，我们要支付大概270亿美元，我们有这个财力，但是我不知道我们因此会去往何处。</p><p>当时的真实情况是，他们周五晚上8点传给了我很多材料，告诉我他们正处于危机之中。</p><p><b>索尔金：</b>你觉得，他们打电话给沃伦·巴菲特意味着什么？</p><p><b>巴菲特：</b>这意味着，他们知道如果我们看到了某样东西，我们的行动可以非常迅速。我们可能是最好的10亿美元级别的快速买家。</p><p>并且针对这个案例，他们知道我对保险业务很感兴趣。他们可能在几天之内就要倒闭，因此他们也非常绝望。</p><p><b>“如果我是当时的美联储主席并且意识到发生的一切，我想无论我是否有能力介入，我会选择介入。”</b></p><p><b>索尔金：</b>很多人回顾这场危机时仍然将那个周末雷曼兄弟的倒下视作危机的关键时刻，并且争论那个时刻美国政府是否应该介入。第二天早上，<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/NYT\">纽约时报</a>和华尔街日报都写了专栏文章赞扬（美国政府没有介入）。</p><p><b>巴菲特：</b>是的，当时所有人都想，“让这些华尔街的滚蛋，我们受够了他们”。</p><p>很久以前，美联储主席说，无论他们想做什么，他们都可以这么去做。在《多德-弗兰克法案》下，这点可能发生一定的改变，但是……</p><p>（注：《多德-弗兰克法案》全名是多德-弗兰克华尔街改革和消费者保护法案，于2010年7月21日通过的美国联邦法律。通常被认为是奥巴马总统任期内颁布的最重要的法案之一。）</p><p><b>索尔金：</b>所以你认为，如果美联储想要介入，他们当时可以介入。</p><p><b>巴菲特：</b>如果我是当时的美联储主席并且看到了美国发生的一切，我想无论我是否有能力介入，我都会选择介入。</p><p>最高法院可能把我当作罪犯逮捕，但我认为从国家利益的角度来看，那是我在身处那个角色必须做的。</p><p><b>索尔金：</b>所以你认为美联储犯了错？</p><p><b>巴菲特：</b>我不知道。</p><p>因为，他们必须要向公众承诺的太多了。很多人面临失去自己的住宅、看到自己的资产大幅缩水，以及各种个人问题。</p><p>然而，你要承诺AIG的所有员工都会得到救助、民众也会得到保障，这么做非常困难。</p><p><b>索尔金：</b>当时，汉克、美联储和其他需要救助的人身上的政治压力有多大。</p><p><b>巴菲特：</b>巨大。伯南克（时任美联储主席）、汉克·保尔森、蒂姆·盖特纳（Tim Geithner，时任纽约联储主席）以及乔治·布什当时正在激烈争论，但美国民众不会买账的。</p><p><b>“我认为整个事件中无声的英雄是<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/BAC\">美国银行</a>CEO肯·刘易斯，他买下了美林。”</b></p><p><b>索尔金：</b>雷曼兄弟破产了，美国银行收购了美林，AIG得到了救助。但之后，人们又开始担忧<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/GE\">通用电气</a>、<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/GS\">高盛</a>、摩根斯坦利的未来。</p><p><b>巴菲特：</b>当雷曼破产之后，商业票据的最大持有者是货币市场基金，这些事情像（多米诺骨牌一样）一个接一个倒下，而汉克和伯南克做的任何事情必须考虑来自国会的反应。</p><p>国会没有意识到问题的严重性，布什认识到了。我没有投票给他，但是他能意识到问题的严重性让我给他打很高的分。</p><p><b>索尔金：</b>那周的晚些时候，我接到了来自高盛的电话，你记得那通电话吗？</p><p><b>巴菲特：</b>我记得那通电话。哈哈，当高盛找你要钱，你会记得的。</p><p><b>索尔金：</b>你当时的想法是什么？</p><p><b>巴菲特：</b>我认为财政部有可靠的人在掌权、美联储有可靠的人掌权、总统也是可靠的，只不过国会让我担忧。我认为高盛会完好无损，只要市场没有被完全关闭。</p><p>我认为整个事件中无声的英雄是肯·刘易斯（美国银行CEO）在周一买下了美林银行。</p><p>我想他得到了一些意见以30美元的价格买下美林（注：实际上，美国银行以每股约29美元的价格，斥资300亿美元买下美林）。他周六做出了决定，周日宣布收购。</p><p>当时，没有任何知道美林银行到底值多少钱，但是他说我们会支付30美元（一股）的价格买下它，这是个公正的价格。</p><p>（如果不这么做，）美林周一（的股价）可能只有3毛钱。</p><p><b>索尔金：</b>你认为这是个大错误？</p><p><b>巴菲特：</b>对于整个金融系统来说，这不是错误。美林在被收购之后也表现得非常好，但在那个时点，如果美国银行没有在周日宣布收购，它可能是另一个雷曼兄弟。</p><p>在雷曼时刻，如果他们决定拿钱为雷曼纾困，他们就不得不告诉美林依靠自己生存下去，整个事情就会变得不一样。</p><p><b>“信心是一步一步建立的，但恐惧是即时的。”</b></p><p><b>索尔金：</b>回溯那段历史，你是否有一些觉得自己应该做但没做的事？哪些没有达成的投资？</p><p><b>巴菲特：</b>我可以回顾任何一周，找到这样的事情。</p><p>如果当时，我们可以多等待4-5个月的话，伯克希尔能以更便宜的价格买入很多东西。2009年3月的股价比2008年10月便宜得多。</p><p>2008年10月下旬，我在纽约时报写了专栏文章，长期来看我是对的，但是4-5个月之后的价格要便宜得多。</p><p><b>索尔金：</b>你会不会思考，这个系统带我们前进了这么多，但仍然会让我们回到大萧条时期，这些红线在哪里？</p><p><b>巴菲特：</b>如果危机没有被妥善处理，可能会持续更长时间。但是总能走出危机，我们已经走出了危机。</p><p>在某一个时刻，政府必须站出来介入解决危机。整个世界只有一种力量可以让人们降杠杆，只有一种力量（指政府部门）。如果他们由于某些原因没有这么去做，危机就会到来。</p><p><b>索尔金：</b>对于公众、新一代人来说，他们是否可以从这场危机中学到什么教训？</p><p><b>巴菲特：</b>没有。因为人们总会恐慌，这也是设立美联储的原因。</p><p>19世纪时，我们国家有过各种各样的恐慌。<b>当人们害怕的时候，恐慌就发生了。信心是一步一步建立的，但恐惧是即时的。</b></p><p>而且，这不受人们智商的影响、就算是有博士学历，害怕就是害怕了。</p><p>我知道一些人，你听到他们的名字可能会惊讶，在那个时候，他们选择只相信黄金、不相信其他任何事物。</p><p>害怕的力量是巨大的。</p><p><b>索尔金：</b>你认为十年前的危机与现在的政治、政府和机构之间有什么联系、影响吗？</p><p><b>巴菲特：</b>是的，人们的长期记忆。1929年时也是这样，这（化解）需要很长时间。当他们感受到了极端的恐惧，有些东西会留下、刻在他们的脑中。</p><p>他们想知道谁造成了他们的恐惧。他们确实也不应该责怪自己。我的意思是，不应该要求每个人都是金融专家。</p><p>在买房时在贷款申请表上虚报一点收入，认为房价会继续上涨所以依此进行再融资等等，谁会因为这些事儿受到责怪。</p><p><b>索尔金：</b>所以，是否有人应该为这场危机负责呢？这也是个政治问题。</p><p><b>巴菲特：</b>很多人做了非常愚蠢的事情，但我不认为有人应该（为此负责）。我是说，始终有一些人在做一些虚假的事情。一定程度上，这些人被房地产市场所吸引，因为你可以从中很容易赚到钱，你可以在加州贝克斯菲尔德新发贷款然后轻易地卖到挪威。然后，它变成了一连串合约，一个证券合约的价值要基于另一个合约。</p><p>我曾看过一份证券化产品，我不得不去看长达30万页的材料去理解初级证券和基于它的次级证券等等。而且，在相当一段时间，大家都安然无恙，所以大家都习惯了这种方式。</p><p>危机会在此发生的。</p><p><b>“危机总会在某个时刻到来，但我并不担心危机。因为我妥善地管好自己的行为。”</b></p><p><b>索尔金：</b>你担心另一场危机的到来吗？</p><p><b>巴菲特：</b>危机总会在某个时刻到来，但我并不担心危机。</p><p><b>索尔金：</b>为什么？</p><p><b>巴菲特因为我妥善地管好自己的行为，就算另一场危机到来，伯克希尔也会非常健康</b>。</p><p><b>索尔金：</b>当下，你会担忧什么事情？</p><p><b>巴菲特：</b>资产价格上涨吸引了完全不理解它的人进入市场。人们因为资产增值而对它感兴趣，但并不是自己真正了解它。</p><p>当你认为比你笨很多的邻居因资产价格上涨而变得富有，而你没有变富，你的配偶就会问你：你就不能也弄明白（然后赚大钱）吗？</p><p>这实在是太具传染性了。</p><p>这是资本系统永远会存在的一部分。但你问我现在哪一类资产正处于这种状态，我还没有观察到。</p><p><b>索尔金：</b>我们现在能更好地应对另一场危机吗？</p><p><b>巴菲特：</b>这是一个有趣的问题。我从没有完整读过2000多页的《多德-弗兰克法案》，我只读了概要。</p><p>我有一个种观点，我的这种观点可能是错误的。但是我（确实）认为，这份法案可能阻碍了美联储快速、与多方合作地（处理危机）。</p><p>我会说，这是一个可怕的错误。我们需要一个拥有强权的美联储！</p><p>你可能不喜欢它，它可能做一些你不喜欢的事情，但是这个拥有10万亿住宅市场、7500多万购房家庭的国家，你需要一个有能力降杠杆的力量。</p><p><b>索尔金：</b>在那一周，这些人不断地打电话给你，在当时你如何评估的？</p><p><b>巴菲特：</b>我当时确实在CNBC将之称为“美国经济的珍珠港事件”，我之前从没用过这样的比喻。我感受到我从没经历过类似的事件。</p><p>而且，从即时的恐慌程度来讲，当时的危机甚至比1929年更糟。</p><p>1929年9月29日，道琼斯指数触及高点381点后暴跌。我于1930年8月出生，道琼斯已经回到了250点，它没有让这么多人陷于如此大范围的恐慌。</p><p>它打击了华尔街，但那时的华尔街能影响到的范围远不及现在，这可能是由于401K和其他很多事情造成的。住宅会触及到所有人。</p></body></html>","source":"lsy1679202057054","collect":0,"html":"<!DOCTYPE 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{color:#5e5c6d;font-size:13px;margin:0 0 .5em; }\na{text-decoration:none; color:#2a4b87;}\n.meta .head { display: inline-block; overflow: hidden}\n.head .h-thumb { width: 30px; height: 30px; margin: 0; padding: 0; border-radius: 50%; float: left;}\n.head .h-content { margin: 0; padding: 0 0 0 9px; float: left;}\n.head .h-name {font-size: 13px; color: #eee; margin: 0;}\n.head .h-time {font-size: 11px; color: #7E829C; margin: 0;line-height: 11px;}\n.small {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.9); -webkit-transform: scale(0.9); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.smaller {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.8); -webkit-transform: scale(0.8); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.bt-text {font-size: 12px;margin: 1.5em 0 0 0}\n.bt-text p {margin: 0}\n</style>\n</head>\n<body>\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\n<header>\n<h2 class=\"title\">\n瑞信危机引发恐慌，看看巴菲特怎么回溯和思考08年金融危机的那些细节\n</h2>\n\n<h4 class=\"meta\">\n\n\n2023-03-19 13:05 北京时间&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/N1qWKAtdvFA0-ntrQC0R8g><strong>IN咖</strong></a>\n\n\n</h4>\n\n</header>\n<article>\n<div>\n<p>雷曼兄弟倒闭的十年之后，2018年9月12日CNBC首播了原创纪录片《华尔街危机：震撼世界的一周》（Crisis On Wall Street: The Week That Shook The World）。在这部纪录片中，CNBC主播、畅销书《大而不倒》（Too Big to Fail）的作者安德鲁·罗斯·索尔金（Andrew Ross Sorkin）采访了多为彼时深陷漩涡中心的人物，试图向公众...</p>\n\n<a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/N1qWKAtdvFA0-ntrQC0R8g\">Web Link</a>\n\n</div>\n\n\n</article>\n</div>\n</body>\n</html>\n","type":0,"thumbnail":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/9beffeecb928009bf6287e307899ffe3","relate_stocks":{"LU1201861249.SGD":"Natixis Harris Associates US Equity PA SGD-H","LU0742534661.SGD":"Fidelity America A-SGD (hedged)","LU0980610538.SGD":"Natixis Harris Associates US Equity RA SGD-H","BK4581":"高盛持仓","LU0234570918.USD":"高盛全球核心股票组合Acc Close","IE00B3S45H60.SGD":"Neuberger Berman US Multicap Opportunities A Acc SGD-H","BRK.B":"伯克希尔B","LU0417517546.SGD":"Allianz US 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Sorkin）采访了多为彼时深陷漩涡中心的人物，试图向公众展现2008年的美国和世界是如何接近全面经济崩溃、且导致了几代人来最严重的金融危机。纪录片是系列扣人心弦的采访讲述。受访的美国政府最高层官员以及美国各大银行CEO们，他们曾聚集在一起，试图拯救雷曼兄弟免于破产。来自华尔街的CEO杰米·戴蒙（Jamie Dimon）、约翰·塞恩（John Thain）和其他人描述了戏剧性的全天候谈判。前美国财政部长汉克·保尔森（Hank Paulson）讲述了他意识到雷曼破产可能会拖垮全球金融体系的绝望时刻。如此规模的金融危机会再次发生吗？索尔金一次又一次地向因这部纪录片再度聚首的人提出这个问题。他们回忆着十年前曾面临的噩梦，曾与世界范围的金融命运呼吸与共。本文的主角是沃伦·巴菲特。2008年银行开始破产时，高管们向巴菲特求助，希望他在紧要关头提供资金支持。后来，他将这一事件称为“美国经济的珍珠港事件”。巴菲特在访谈中，对于危机过程中的一些细节，对于监管、机构、市场环环相扣的影响，以及伯克希尔自身的考量，都有谈到，其中关于人性的拿捏，也很有意思。他说，“当人们害怕的时候，恐慌就发生了。信心是一步一步建立的，但恐惧是即时的。”“危机总会在某个时刻到来，但我并不担心危机，因为我妥善地管好自己的行为。”这场纪录片，是在危机发生十年之后2018年推出。这样一个恰恰好的时间距离，让巴菲特的回溯与思考，更富有当下的意义。尤其在硅谷银行倒闭事件引发连锁反应，从美国蔓延至大西洋对岸的瑞士信贷，让投资者对欧美银行体系稳定性的担忧蔓延。这时候，回头去看巴菲特对于 2008 年危机事件过程中，思考的方式，对于决策信息赋予的权重，以及所持有的一贯投资原则，对我们都会很有启发。Eason的这篇翻译，很有悦读感，希望大家开卷有益。“这是史上参与规模最大的金融行为，但事实证明所有参与者的行为都很糟糕。”索尔金：回到2008年，从大局来看，你认为是什么导致了2008年的危机。巴菲特：众多的支流汇聚形成了密苏里河。（但我认为最重要的因素在于）人们认为房产会只涨不跌，而住宅市场规模达到了2万亿美元。这是一个非常巨大的资产类别。人们（通过资产证券化）将其当做货币使用，但随后人们发现它并非一路上涨。他们通过房产举债，在这条绳子的从头到尾都对这次事件造成了影响。绳子顶端的人忙着签发一些明知道自己无需持有的地产抵押贷款，他们签发之后可以立刻打包卖给远在挪威的投资者。有些人通过这些贷款进行再融资，房贷人的月供是否太高、是否虚报了自己的收入似乎对他们没有任何影响。为他们提供再融资的人也参与其中。本质上，（参与其中人）对房地产有一个巨大的投机行为。7500万美国购房家庭中有5000万个家庭参与了房贷业务，只有2500万避免受到了冲击。5000万贷款家庭通过杠杆获得房屋，很多人赖以生存，而他们的资产价格出现崩溃。这是史上参与规模最大的金融行为，但事实证明所有参与者的行为都很糟糕。他们相信了（房产价格只涨不跌），当人们相信了某些荒唐的事情时，这样的事情就会发生。索尔金：2008年早期，一些持有次级贷款的对冲基金倒下了，你当时感到担忧吗？你还记得你当时的心情吗？巴菲特：我没有担忧。因为我始终假设（如果）一生都参与到美国经济当中的话，它的价值会随着时间大幅上涨，但同时会伴随着一些磕磕绊绊。我们的经济体系决定了我们会发生一些周期性的疯狂，所以我从不尝试预测市场，我也不会去预测生意（未来的走向），我只是试着去适应所发生的一切。2008年的夏天，我确实接到了某家华尔街头部公司的电话，试图卖给我们几百亿美元（many，many，many billions）的房地美股票。我知道可能出了大问题。“我在首页写下了我发现问题的页码，我知道了我们不会对其（雷曼）进行投资。”索尔金：我不知道你是否还记得，在贝尔斯登倒下后、房地美和房利美出事前，你接到了迪克·福尔德（Richard Dick Fuld，雷曼兄弟董事长兼CEO）的电话，他告诉你，他的股票被卖空者狙击了。巴菲特：是的，任何人对我这么说，我都高度怀疑。我喜欢卖空伯克希尔的人，卖空者怎么会伤害到你？索尔金：福尔德说你有一个30-50亿的投资机会，你当时感兴趣了吗？巴菲特：我有兴趣听完他的讲话。索尔金：你如何回复他的？巴菲特：我告诉他，把你的想法告诉我，首先告诉我你的报价，然后我会知道我是否有兴趣对此做一些调查。接着，他抛出了一些试探性的想法。事实上，我还记得他问我能不能让汉克·保尔森（Henry“Hank”Merritt Paulson，时任美国财政部长）就此问题给我打电话。周五早上67点，汉克就给我打了电话，他提出了一些完全不合格的背书，他可能希望我会为雷曼提供融资，但他的推销用力过度了。我想他也意识到这样不对。无论如何，那天下午我翻开了雷曼的10K报告，它有250-300页长。我在首页写下了我发现问题的页码，我知道了我们不会对其进行投资。我的办公室现在仍保存了这份笔记。索尔金：你看到了什么？巴菲特：我只是看到了很多让我担心他们财务状况的东西，以及当时已经在华尔街发生、可能也发生在他们身上的情景。“我们可能是最好的10亿美元级别的快速买家。”索尔金：现在我们来到了2008年9月12日的“那个周末”。你现在接到的不是来自雷曼兄弟的电话而是来自AIG的电话，询问你是否愿意对其投资100亿美元。巴菲特：我告诉他们，不要指望我们，我知道时间对你们来说非常宝贵，所以不要把时间浪费在我们身上。所以，那个时间点上，我拒绝了。不久之后，他们重新回到了我们的视野。我当时说，我无法解决这个问题，我们要支付大概270亿美元，我们有这个财力，但是我不知道我们因此会去往何处。当时的真实情况是，他们周五晚上8点传给了我很多材料，告诉我他们正处于危机之中。索尔金：你觉得，他们打电话给沃伦·巴菲特意味着什么？巴菲特：这意味着，他们知道如果我们看到了某样东西，我们的行动可以非常迅速。我们可能是最好的10亿美元级别的快速买家。并且针对这个案例，他们知道我对保险业务很感兴趣。他们可能在几天之内就要倒闭，因此他们也非常绝望。“如果我是当时的美联储主席并且意识到发生的一切，我想无论我是否有能力介入，我会选择介入。”索尔金：很多人回顾这场危机时仍然将那个周末雷曼兄弟的倒下视作危机的关键时刻，并且争论那个时刻美国政府是否应该介入。第二天早上，纽约时报和华尔街日报都写了专栏文章赞扬（美国政府没有介入）。巴菲特：是的，当时所有人都想，“让这些华尔街的滚蛋，我们受够了他们”。很久以前，美联储主席说，无论他们想做什么，他们都可以这么去做。在《多德-弗兰克法案》下，这点可能发生一定的改变，但是……（注：《多德-弗兰克法案》全名是多德-弗兰克华尔街改革和消费者保护法案，于2010年7月21日通过的美国联邦法律。通常被认为是奥巴马总统任期内颁布的最重要的法案之一。）索尔金：所以你认为，如果美联储想要介入，他们当时可以介入。巴菲特：如果我是当时的美联储主席并且看到了美国发生的一切，我想无论我是否有能力介入，我都会选择介入。最高法院可能把我当作罪犯逮捕，但我认为从国家利益的角度来看，那是我在身处那个角色必须做的。索尔金：所以你认为美联储犯了错？巴菲特：我不知道。因为，他们必须要向公众承诺的太多了。很多人面临失去自己的住宅、看到自己的资产大幅缩水，以及各种个人问题。然而，你要承诺AIG的所有员工都会得到救助、民众也会得到保障，这么做非常困难。索尔金：当时，汉克、美联储和其他需要救助的人身上的政治压力有多大。巴菲特：巨大。伯南克（时任美联储主席）、汉克·保尔森、蒂姆·盖特纳（Tim Geithner，时任纽约联储主席）以及乔治·布什当时正在激烈争论，但美国民众不会买账的。“我认为整个事件中无声的英雄是美国银行CEO肯·刘易斯，他买下了美林。”索尔金：雷曼兄弟破产了，美国银行收购了美林，AIG得到了救助。但之后，人们又开始担忧通用电气、高盛、摩根斯坦利的未来。巴菲特：当雷曼破产之后，商业票据的最大持有者是货币市场基金，这些事情像（多米诺骨牌一样）一个接一个倒下，而汉克和伯南克做的任何事情必须考虑来自国会的反应。国会没有意识到问题的严重性，布什认识到了。我没有投票给他，但是他能意识到问题的严重性让我给他打很高的分。索尔金：那周的晚些时候，我接到了来自高盛的电话，你记得那通电话吗？巴菲特：我记得那通电话。哈哈，当高盛找你要钱，你会记得的。索尔金：你当时的想法是什么？巴菲特：我认为财政部有可靠的人在掌权、美联储有可靠的人掌权、总统也是可靠的，只不过国会让我担忧。我认为高盛会完好无损，只要市场没有被完全关闭。我认为整个事件中无声的英雄是肯·刘易斯（美国银行CEO）在周一买下了美林银行。我想他得到了一些意见以30美元的价格买下美林（注：实际上，美国银行以每股约29美元的价格，斥资300亿美元买下美林）。他周六做出了决定，周日宣布收购。当时，没有任何知道美林银行到底值多少钱，但是他说我们会支付30美元（一股）的价格买下它，这是个公正的价格。（如果不这么做，）美林周一（的股价）可能只有3毛钱。索尔金：你认为这是个大错误？巴菲特：对于整个金融系统来说，这不是错误。美林在被收购之后也表现得非常好，但在那个时点，如果美国银行没有在周日宣布收购，它可能是另一个雷曼兄弟。在雷曼时刻，如果他们决定拿钱为雷曼纾困，他们就不得不告诉美林依靠自己生存下去，整个事情就会变得不一样。“信心是一步一步建立的，但恐惧是即时的。”索尔金：回溯那段历史，你是否有一些觉得自己应该做但没做的事？哪些没有达成的投资？巴菲特：我可以回顾任何一周，找到这样的事情。如果当时，我们可以多等待4-5个月的话，伯克希尔能以更便宜的价格买入很多东西。2009年3月的股价比2008年10月便宜得多。2008年10月下旬，我在纽约时报写了专栏文章，长期来看我是对的，但是4-5个月之后的价格要便宜得多。索尔金：你会不会思考，这个系统带我们前进了这么多，但仍然会让我们回到大萧条时期，这些红线在哪里？巴菲特：如果危机没有被妥善处理，可能会持续更长时间。但是总能走出危机，我们已经走出了危机。在某一个时刻，政府必须站出来介入解决危机。整个世界只有一种力量可以让人们降杠杆，只有一种力量（指政府部门）。如果他们由于某些原因没有这么去做，危机就会到来。索尔金：对于公众、新一代人来说，他们是否可以从这场危机中学到什么教训？巴菲特：没有。因为人们总会恐慌，这也是设立美联储的原因。19世纪时，我们国家有过各种各样的恐慌。当人们害怕的时候，恐慌就发生了。信心是一步一步建立的，但恐惧是即时的。而且，这不受人们智商的影响、就算是有博士学历，害怕就是害怕了。我知道一些人，你听到他们的名字可能会惊讶，在那个时候，他们选择只相信黄金、不相信其他任何事物。害怕的力量是巨大的。索尔金：你认为十年前的危机与现在的政治、政府和机构之间有什么联系、影响吗？巴菲特：是的，人们的长期记忆。1929年时也是这样，这（化解）需要很长时间。当他们感受到了极端的恐惧，有些东西会留下、刻在他们的脑中。他们想知道谁造成了他们的恐惧。他们确实也不应该责怪自己。我的意思是，不应该要求每个人都是金融专家。在买房时在贷款申请表上虚报一点收入，认为房价会继续上涨所以依此进行再融资等等，谁会因为这些事儿受到责怪。索尔金：所以，是否有人应该为这场危机负责呢？这也是个政治问题。巴菲特：很多人做了非常愚蠢的事情，但我不认为有人应该（为此负责）。我是说，始终有一些人在做一些虚假的事情。一定程度上，这些人被房地产市场所吸引，因为你可以从中很容易赚到钱，你可以在加州贝克斯菲尔德新发贷款然后轻易地卖到挪威。然后，它变成了一连串合约，一个证券合约的价值要基于另一个合约。我曾看过一份证券化产品，我不得不去看长达30万页的材料去理解初级证券和基于它的次级证券等等。而且，在相当一段时间，大家都安然无恙，所以大家都习惯了这种方式。危机会在此发生的。“危机总会在某个时刻到来，但我并不担心危机。因为我妥善地管好自己的行为。”索尔金：你担心另一场危机的到来吗？巴菲特：危机总会在某个时刻到来，但我并不担心危机。索尔金：为什么？巴菲特因为我妥善地管好自己的行为，就算另一场危机到来，伯克希尔也会非常健康。索尔金：当下，你会担忧什么事情？巴菲特：资产价格上涨吸引了完全不理解它的人进入市场。人们因为资产增值而对它感兴趣，但并不是自己真正了解它。当你认为比你笨很多的邻居因资产价格上涨而变得富有，而你没有变富，你的配偶就会问你：你就不能也弄明白（然后赚大钱）吗？这实在是太具传染性了。这是资本系统永远会存在的一部分。但你问我现在哪一类资产正处于这种状态，我还没有观察到。索尔金：我们现在能更好地应对另一场危机吗？巴菲特：这是一个有趣的问题。我从没有完整读过2000多页的《多德-弗兰克法案》，我只读了概要。我有一个种观点，我的这种观点可能是错误的。但是我（确实）认为，这份法案可能阻碍了美联储快速、与多方合作地（处理危机）。我会说，这是一个可怕的错误。我们需要一个拥有强权的美联储！你可能不喜欢它，它可能做一些你不喜欢的事情，但是这个拥有10万亿住宅市场、7500多万购房家庭的国家，你需要一个有能力降杠杆的力量。索尔金：在那一周，这些人不断地打电话给你，在当时你如何评估的？巴菲特：我当时确实在CNBC将之称为“美国经济的珍珠港事件”，我之前从没用过这样的比喻。我感受到我从没经历过类似的事件。而且，从即时的恐慌程度来讲，当时的危机甚至比1929年更糟。1929年9月29日，道琼斯指数触及高点381点后暴跌。我于1930年8月出生，道琼斯已经回到了250点，它没有让这么多人陷于如此大范围的恐慌。它打击了华尔街，但那时的华尔街能影响到的范围远不及现在，这可能是由于401K和其他很多事情造成的。住宅会触及到所有人。","news_type":1},"isVote":1,"tweetType":1,"viewCount":181,"authorTweetTopStatus":1,"verified":2,"comments":[],"imageCount":0,"langContent":"EN","totalScore":0},{"id":417029319352832,"gmtCreate":1742832156360,"gmtModify":1742832162998,"author":{"id":"4141882486176002","authorId":"4141882486176002","name":"Peanutspotter","avatar":"https://community-static.tradeup.com/news/c93a531eef3636875b39a2eba3aa5eb8","crmLevel":9,"crmLevelSwitch":1,"followedFlag":false,"idStr":"4141882486176002","authorIdStr":"4141882486176002"},"themes":[],"htmlText":"$","listText":"$","text":"$","images":[{"img":"https://community-static.tradeup.com/news/31bcf350c03f3a1b1d72281c151a8b48","width":"981","height":"1637"}],"top":1,"highlighted":1,"essential":1,"paper":1,"likeSize":0,"commentSize":0,"repostSize":0,"link":"https://ttm.financial/post/417029319352832","isVote":1,"tweetType":1,"viewCount":139,"authorTweetTopStatus":1,"verified":2,"comments":[],"imageCount":1,"langContent":"EN","totalScore":0},{"id":416980906529016,"gmtCreate":1742820807286,"gmtModify":1742820808387,"author":{"id":"4141882486176002","authorId":"4141882486176002","name":"Peanutspotter","avatar":"https://community-static.tradeup.com/news/c93a531eef3636875b39a2eba3aa5eb8","crmLevel":9,"crmLevelSwitch":1,"followedFlag":false,"idStr":"4141882486176002","authorIdStr":"4141882486176002"},"themes":[],"htmlText":"","listText":"","text":"","images":[],"top":1,"highlighted":1,"essential":1,"paper":1,"likeSize":0,"commentSize":0,"repostSize":0,"link":"https://ttm.financial/post/416980906529016","isVote":1,"tweetType":1,"viewCount":164,"authorTweetTopStatus":1,"verified":2,"comments":[],"imageCount":0,"langContent":"EN","totalScore":0},{"id":416943086469184,"gmtCreate":1742777152743,"gmtModify":1742777153934,"author":{"id":"4141882486176002","authorId":"4141882486176002","name":"Peanutspotter","avatar":"https://community-static.tradeup.com/news/c93a531eef3636875b39a2eba3aa5eb8","crmLevel":9,"crmLevelSwitch":1,"followedFlag":false,"idStr":"4141882486176002","authorIdStr":"4141882486176002"},"themes":[],"htmlText":"","listText":"","text":"","images":[],"top":1,"highlighted":1,"essential":1,"paper":1,"likeSize":0,"commentSize":0,"repostSize":0,"link":"https://ttm.financial/post/416943086469184","isVote":1,"tweetType":1,"viewCount":439,"authorTweetTopStatus":1,"verified":2,"comments":[],"imageCount":0,"langContent":"EN","totalScore":0}],"lives":[]}